Here, multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis is reconstituted using giant unilamellar vesicles and all of the ESCRT complexes. ESCRT-0 is required for clustering of cargo proteins, whereas ESCRT-I and -II in combination deform the membrane into buds, in which cargo is confined. ESCRT-III subunits localize to the bud neck and are required for scission of the membrane to form intraluminal vesicles. These results explain how ESCRT complexes sequester cargo proteins into MVBs

A challenge in the semiconductor industry is to create integrated circuits that use new physical state variables — other than charge or voltage — to offer memory and logic functions. Memristive devices, which combine the electrical properties of a memory element and a resistor, use resistance instead, and here such 'memristors' are shown to perform logic operations as well

To examine the effect of increased livestock numbers on nitrous oxide emissions the authors report year-round nitrous oxide flux measurements at ten steppe grassland sites in Inner Mongolia. They find that nitrous oxide emission is much higher during spring thaw and is highest in ungrazed steppe, decreasing with increasing stocking rate, which suggests that grazing decreases rather than increases nitrous oxide emissions