Signals induced by sex hormones and inflammation have been viewed as different aspects of tumour development. But a three-way interaction between these two classes of signal and carcinogenesis has emerged.

The evidence for rapid climate change now seems overwhelming. Global temperatures are predicted to rise by up to 4 °C by 2100, with associated alterations in precipitation patterns. Assessing the consequences for biodiversity, and how they might be mitigated, is a Grand Challenge in ecology.