Regulators of nuclear permeability reversibly collapse parts of nuclear pore proteins, a process that may underlie control of nuclear transport in cells.

In pepper plants, a protein from a bacterial pathogen acts as a transcription factor that both elongates cells, the characteristic sign of infection, and induces a defensive response.

A small peptide mediates programmed cell death in a bacterial population, offseting starvation, clearing a toxin, or halting the spread of a viral infection.