Use this spreadsheet to calculate critical flows Expanding gas flow can lead to abnormal flowrates and excessive pressure drop. Flowrate calculations have to account for adiabatic expansion and frictional losses at high velocities. This article discusses an Excel spreadsheet (which can be downloaded for free) that addresses expanding-flow conditions, and calculates flowrates.

A low-signal selector can prevent equipment meltdown Batch recipes can be imperiled if the temperatures limitations of materials are exceeded. This article describes a simple instrumentation circuit that protects cooling towers from exceeding their rated temperature thresholds.